Toynbee

The Second Mandate. What Makkah Asks of an Industry Built for Blockade.

Pakistan does not lack engineers; it holds roughly as many as Israel's or Türkiye's primes and converts them into a fraction of the output. The gap is not capacity but mandate: an industrial base optimised for autarky under blockade, discharged of its 1974 tasks and never re-tasked for a market.